Organ Location Map/System Distribution of Pungent Flavor Compounds’ Targets

Anethole restores gastric emptying independently of D2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors. It is the main fragrance and bioactive compound. It is safety. It is widely used as flavor agent in food industry and other industries, in cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals. It has anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-metastatic or antithrombotic effects. It also has an important antinociceptive activity, antifungal activities, oestrogenic activity, hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetic activity, acaricidal activity, antihirustism activity and gastroprotector activity. It can modulate several cell signaling pathways, mainly NF-kB and TNF-a signaling, and various ion channels mediate. The combinatorial use of anethole with cyclophosphamide, a classic anticancer drug, exhibits more tumoricidal activity. Anethole can accelerate wound closure of injured tissue, enhances the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers. It has a positive effect of anethole on meiosis resumption of oocytes from caprine secondary follicles grown in vitro. It can prevent H2O2-induced collagen metabolism alterations and apoptosis in human skin fibroblasts. Different doses of anethole suppressed paw swelling and the number of serum and synovial leukocytes. Anethole induce an initial fall in blood pressure followed by a pressor response. It can reduce the intensity of oxytocin and PGE2 induced contractions significantly. Fennel essential oil also reduced the frequency of contractions induced by PGE2 but not with oxytocin. It induces contraction of rat vascular smooth muscle via the direct or indirect opening of VDCCs at micromolar concentrations. It has an important role in regulating activities of mTOR/PPAR and ROS control in adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. It has an effect on transcriptional programming via mTOR and AMPK by reducing excessive ROS.

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45. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpinene