2D Structure
3D Structure
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| PID | PID00098 |
| Mol. Weight | 94.113 g/mol |
| LogP | 1.46 |
| Water solubility | 82800 mg/l at 25 °C |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor | 1 |
| Rotatable Bonds | 0 |
| XLogP3 | 1.5 |
| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Formula | C6H6O |
| PubChem CID | 996 |
| FEMA | 3232 |
| Flavor Profile | Sweet, Tarry Odor, Somewhat Sickeningly Sweet And Acrid, Sharp, Burning Taste |
| Smiles | Oc1ccccc1 |
| InChl Key | ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| InChl | InChI=1S/C6H6O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7H |
| CAS Registry Number | 108-95-2, 27073-41-2, 61788-41-8, 63496-48-0, 73607-76-8 |
| IUPAC Systematic Name | phenol |
Organ Location Map/System Distribution of Pungent Flavor Compounds’ Targets
Note: Known Targets (Gene) from 6952 literatures, DrugBank (http://www.drugbank.ca/), STITCH (http://stitch.embl.de/), ChEMBL (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/), Therapeutic Target Database (http://bidd.nus.edu.sg/group/ttd/), and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD, http://ctdbase.org/)
| English Name | Pinyin Name (Chinese Name) | Latin Name | Properties in TCM | merdians | View Graph |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese Angelica Equivalent plant: Phlojodicarpus | Dang Gui (当归) | Angelicae Sinensis Radix | Warm,Pungent,Sweet | Spleen,Liver,Heart | View Graph |
| Chinese Clematis | Wei Ling Xian (威灵仙) | Clematidis Radix Et Rhizoma | Warm, Pungent, Salty | Bladder | View Graph |
P h e n o l i s a n a r o m a t i c o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d w i t h t h e m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a C 6 H 5 O H . I t i s a w h i t e c r y s t a l l i n e s o l i d t h a t i s v o l a t i l e . I t i s p r i m a r i l y u s e d t o s y n t h e s i z e p l a s t i c s a n d r e l a t e d m a t e r i a l s . P h e n o l a n d i t s c h e m i c a l d e r i v a t i v e s a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f p o l y c a r b o n a t e s , e p o x i e s , B a k e l i t e , n y l o n , d e t e r g e n t s , h e r b i c i d e s s u c h a s p h e n o x y h e r b i c i d e s , a n d n u m e r o u s p h a r m a c e u t i c a l d r u g s . P h e n o l w a s o n c e w i d e l y u s e d a s a n a n t i s e p t i c . F r o m t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s t o t h e 1 9 7 0 s i t w a s u s e d a s a s o a p , k n o w n a s c a r b o l i c s o a p . C o n c e n t r a t e d p h e n o l l i q u i d s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d f o r p e r m a n e n t t r e a t m e n t o f i n g r o w n t o e a n d f i n g e r n a i l s . P h e n o l s p r a y i s u s e d m e d i c a l l y t o h e l p s o r e t h r o a t . I t i s t h e a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t i n s o m e o r a l a n a l g e s i c s s u c h a s C h l o r a s e p t i c s p r a y , T C P a n d C a r m e x , c o m m o n l y u s e d t o t e m p o r a r i l y t r e a t p h a r y n g i t i s . I t i s a c o m p o n e n t o f i n d u s t r i a l p a i n t s t r i p p e r s u s e d i n t h e a v i a t i o n i n d u s t r y f o r t h e r e m o v a l o f e p o x y , p o l y u r e t h a n e a n d o t h e r c h e m i c a l l y r e s i s t a n t c o a t i n g s .
P h e n o l a n d i t s v a p o r s a r e c o r r o s i v e t o t h e e y e s , t h e s k i n , a n d t h e r e s p i r a t o r y t r a c t . I t s c o r r o s i v e e f f e c t o n s k i n a n d m u c o u s m e m b r a n e s i s d u e t o a p r o t e i n - d e g e n e r a t i n g e f f e c t . R e p e a t e d o r p r o l o n g e d s k i n c o n t a c t w i t h p h e n o l m a y c a u s e d e r m a t i t i s , o r e v e n s e c o n d a n d t h i r d - d e g r e e b u r n s . I n h a l a t i o n o f p h e n o l v a p o r m a y c a u s e l u n g e d e m a . T h e s u b s t a n c e m a y c a u s e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o n t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m a n d h e a r t , r e s u l t i n g i n d y s r h y t h m i a , s e i z u r e s , a n d c o m a . T h e k i d n e y s m a y b e a f f e c t e d a s w e l l . L o n g - t e r m o r r e p e a t e d e x p o s u r e o f t h e s u b s t a n c e m a y h a v e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o n t h e l i v e r a n d k i d n e y s . [ S i n c e p h e n o l i s a b s o r b e d t h r o u g h t h e s k i n r e l a t i v e l y q u i c k l y , s y s t e m i c p o i s o n i n g c a n o c c u r i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e l o c a l c a u s t i c b u r n s . R e s o r p t i v e p o i s o n i n g b y a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f p h e n o l c a n o c c u r e v e n w i t h o n l y a s m a l l a r e a o f s k i n , r a p i d l y l e a d i n g t o p a r a l y s i s o f t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m a n d a s e v e r e d r o p i n b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e L D 5 0 f o r o r a l t o x i c i t y i s l e s s t h a n 5 0 0 m g / k g f o r d o g s , r a b b i t s , o r m i c e ; t h e m i n i m u m l e t h a l h u m a n d o s e w a s c i t e d a s 1 4 0 m g / k g . T h e A g e n c y f o r T o x i c S u b s t a n c e s a n d D i s e a s e R e g i s t r y ( A T S D R ) , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s s t a t e s t h e f a t a l d o s e f o r i n g e s t i o n o f p h e n o l i s f r o m 1 t o 3 2 g .
Note: Click anywhere in the blank, you can drag the whole dynamic diagram. Click on a node, you can drag his location to see it more clearly. The blue circle represents pharmacology, toxicology, or daily use. Orange hexagon represents the pungent compounds.
1 . I k e d a R , T a n a k a H , U y a m a H , K o b a y a s h i , S . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . A n e w c r o s s l i n k i n g m e t h o d o f v i n y l p o l y m e r s h a v i n g a p h e n o l m o i e t y v i a o x i d a t i v e c o u p l i n g [ J ] . P o l y m e r j o u r n a l , 2 0 0 1 , 3 3 ( 1 2 ) : 9 5 9 .
2 . N i w a S , E s w a r a m o o r t h y M , N a i r J , R a j , A . , I t o h , N . , S h o j i , H . , . . . & M i z u k a m i , F . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . A o n e - s t e p c o n v e r s i o n o f b e n z e n e t o p h e n o l w i t h a p a l l a d i u m m e m b r a n e [ J ] . S c i e n c e , 2 0 0 2 , 2 9 5 ( 5 5 5 2 ) : 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 .
3 . R e n a u l t H , A l b e r A , H o r s t N A , L o p e s , A . B . , F i c h , E . A . , K r i e g s h a u s e r , L . , . . . P i n e a u , E . ( 2 0 1 7 ) . A p h e n o l - e n r i c h e d c u t i c l e i s a n c e s t r a l t o l i g n i n e v o l u t i o n i n l a n d p l a n t s [ J ] . N a t u r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , 2 0 1 7 , 8 : 1 4 7 1 3 .
4 . L i N , J i a n g J , C h e n D , X u , Q . , L i , H . , & L u , J . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . A r e u s a b l e i m m o b i l i z a t i o n m a t r i x f o r t h e b i o d e g r a d a t i o n o f p h e n o l a t 5 0 0 0 m g / L [ J ] . S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s , 2 0 1 5 , 5 : 8 6 2 8 .
5 . F a n g J J , Y e G , C h e n W L , Z h a o , W . M . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . A n t i b a c t e r i a l p h e n o l i c c o m p o n e n t s f r o m E r i o c a u l o n b u e r g e r i a n u m [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 0 8 , 6 9 ( 5 ) : 1 2 7 9 - 1 2 8 6 .
6 . H a n d o u s s a H , H a n a f i R , E d d i a s t y I , E l - G e n d y , M . , E l K h a t i b , A . , L i n s c h e i d , M . , A y o u b , N . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . A n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a n d c y t o t o x i c a c t i v i t i e s o f d i e t a r y p h e n o l i c s i s o l a t e d f r o m C o r c h o r u s o l i t o r i u s a n d V i t i s v i n i f e r a [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f f u n c t i o n a l f o o d s , 2 0 1 3 , 5 ( 3 ) : 1 2 0 4 - 1 2 1 6 .
7 . A l b i s h i T , J o h n J A , A l - K h a l i f a A S , S h a h i d i , F . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . . A n t i o x i d a n t , a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a n d D N A s c i s s i o n i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t i e s o f p h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s i n s e l e c t e d o n i o n a n d p o t a t o v a r i e t i e s [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f F u n c t i o n a l F o o d s , 2 0 1 3 , 5 ( 2 ) : 9 3 0 - 9 3 9 .
8 . B e r r y H , B e a n H S . B a c t e r i c i d a l A c t i v i t y o f P h e n o l s i n A q u e o u s S o l u t i o n s o f S o a p [ J ] . N a t u r e , 1 9 4 8 , 1 6 1 ( 4 0 8 9 ) : 3 9 6 .
9 . S c h m e l t z I , S c h l o t z h a u e r W S . B e n z o [ a ] p y r e n e , P h e n o l s a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s f r o m p y r o l y s i s o f t h e c i g a r e t t e a d d i t i v e , ( d , l ) - M e n t h o l [ J ] . N a t u r e , 1 9 6 8 , 2 1 9 ( 5 1 5 2 ) : 3 7 0 .
1 0 . V i s s e r s M N , Z o c k P L , K a t a n M B . B i o a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d a n t i o x i d a n t e f f e c t s o f o l i v e o i l p h e n o l s i n h u m a n s : a r e v i e w [ J ] . E u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f c l i n i c a l n u t r i t i o n , 2 0 0 4 , 5 8 ( 6 ) : 9 5 5 .
1 1 . D o c k r e y S A B , L u k o w s k i A L , B e c k e r M R , N a r a y a n , A . R . ( 2 0 1 8 ) . B i o c a t a l y t i c s i t e - a n d e n a n t i o s e l e c t i v e o x i d a t i v e d e a r o m a t i z a t i o n o f p h e n o l s [ J ] . N a t u r e c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 8 , 1 0 ( 2 ) : 1 1 9 .
1 2 . S i m o n R C , B u s t o E , R i c h t e r N , R e s c h , V . , H o u k , K . N . , K r o u t i l , W . B i o c a t a l y t i c t r i f l u o r o m e t h y l a t i o n o f u n p r o t e c t e d p h e n o l s [ J ] . N a t u r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , 2 0 1 6 , 7 : 1 3 3 2 3 .
1 3 . F a i e l l a L , D a l P i a z F , B a d e r A , B r a c a , A . D i t e r p e n e s a n d p h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s f r o m S i d e r i t i s p u l l u l a n s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 4 , 1 0 6 : 1 6 4 - 1 7 0 .
1 4 . B o u a r a b - C h i b a n e L , F o r q u e t V , C l e m e n t Y , L a n t e r i , P . , B o r d e s , C . , B o u a j i l a , J . , O u l a h a l , N . E f f e c t o f i n t e r a c t i o n s o f p l a n t p h e n o l i c s w i t h b o v i n e m e a t p r o t e i n s o n t h e i r a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i v i t y [ J ] . F o o d c o n t r o l , 2 0 1 8 , 9 0 : 1 8 9 - 1 9 8 .
1 5 . V i s s e r s M N , Z o c k P L , W i s e m a n S A , M e y b o o m , S . , K a t a n , M . B . E f f e c t o f p h e n o l - r i c h e x t r a v i r g i n o l i v e o i l o n m a r k e r s o f o x i d a t i o n i n h e a l t h y v o l u n t e e r s [ J ] . E u r o p e a n j o u r n a l o f c l i n i c a l n u t r i t i o n , 2 0 0 1 , 5 5 ( 5 ) : 3 3 4 .
1 6 . B a z d a r M , S a d e g h i H , H o s s e i n i S . E v a l u a t i o n o f o i l p r o f i l e s , t o t a l p h e n o l s a n d p h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s i n P r a n g o s f e r u l a c e a l e a v e s a n d f l o w e r s a n d t h e i r e f f e c t s o n a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t i e s [ J ] . B i o c a t a l y s i s a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l B i o t e c h n o l o g y , 2 0 1 8 , 1 4 : 4 1 8 - 4 2 3 .
1 7 . L i u K , T a n g S , H u a n g P , L e i , A . E x t e r n a l o x i d a n t - f r e e e l e c t r o o x i d a t i v e [ 3 + 2 ] a n n u l a t i o n b e t w e e n p h e n o l a n d i n d o l e d e r i v a t i v e s [ J ] . N a t u r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , 2 0 1 7 , 8 ( 1 ) : 7 7 5 .
1 8 . C h e n C , Z h a n g Y , G a o Y , X u , Q . , J u , X . , W a n g , L . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d a n t i - t u m o u r a c t i v i t i e s o f p h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s i s o l a t e d f r o m d e f a t t e d a d l a y ( C o i x l a c h r y m a - j o b i L . v a r . m a - y u e n S t a p f ) s e e d m e a l [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f f u n c t i o n a l f o o d s , 2 0 1 6 , 2 6 : 3 9 4 - 4 0 5 .
1 9 . B e i Q , L i u Y , W a n g L , C h e n , G . , W u , Z . I m p r o v i n g f r e e , c o n j u g a t e d , a n d b o u n d p h e n o l i c f r a c t i o n s i n f e r m e n t e d o a t s ( A v e n a s a t i v a L . ) w i t h M o n a s c u s a n k a a n d t h e i r a n t i o x i d a n t a c t i v i t y [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f F u n c t i o n a l F o o d s , 2 0 1 7 , 3 2 : 1 8 5 - 1 9 4 .
2 0 . V e a r r i e r D , J a c o b s D , G r e e n b e r g M I . P h e n o l t o x i c i t y f o l l o w i n g c u t a n e o u s e x p o s u r e t o c r e o l i n : a c a s e r e p o r t [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l T o x i c o l o g y , 2 0 1 5 , 1 1 ( 2 ) : 2 2 7 - 2 3 1 .
2 1 . " I n d e r R ( 1 9 9 7 ) P o i s o n s I n f o r m a t i o n M o n o g r a p h 4 1 2 - P h e n o l . I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r o g r a m m e o n C h e m i c a l S a f e t y "
2 2 . D e a c h a t h a i S , M a h a b u s a r a k a m W , P h o n g p a i c h i t S , T a y l o r , W . C . , Z h a n g , Y . J . , Y a n g , C . R . P h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s f r o m t h e f l o w e r s o f G a r c i n i a d u l c i s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 0 6 , 6 7 ( 5 ) : 4 6 4 - 4 6 9 .
2 3 . D e a c h a t h a i S , M a h a b u s a r a k a m W , P h o n g p a i c h i t S , T a y l o r , W . C . P h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s f r o m t h e f r u i t o f G a r c i n i a d u l c i s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 0 5 , 6 6 ( 1 9 ) : 2 3 6 8 - 2 3 7 5 .
2 4 . Z h e n g X K , C a o Y G , K e Y Y , Z h a n g , Y . L . , L i , F . , G o n g , J . H . , F e n g , W . S . P h e n o l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s f r o m t h e r o o t b a r k o f M o r u s a l b a L . a n d t h e i r c a r d i o p r o t e c t i v e a c t i v i t y i n v i t r o [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 7 , 1 3 5 : 1 2 8 - 1 3 4 .
2 5 . D z i r i S , H a s s e n I , F a t n a s s i S , M r a b e t , Y . , C a s a b i a n c a , H . , H a n c h i , B . , H o s n i , K . P h e n o l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s , a n t i o x i d a n t a n d a n t i m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t i e s o f r o s y g a r l i c ( A l l i u m r o s e u m v a r . o d o r a t i s s i m u m ) [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f f u n c t i o n a l f o o d s , 2 0 1 2 , 4 ( 2 ) : 4 2 3 - 4 3 2 .
2 6 . L i n C F , S h e n C C , C h e n C C , S h e u , S . J . , H u a n g , Y . L . P h e n o l i c d e r i v a t i v e s f r o m A s t e r i n d i c u s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 0 7 , 6 8 ( 1 9 ) : 2 4 5 0 - 2 4 5 4 .
2 7 . M a t h i o u d a k i A , B e r z e s t a A , K y p r i o t a k i s Z , S k a l t s a , H . , H e i l m a n n , J . P h e n o l i c m e t a b o l i t e s f r o m H y p e r i c u m k e l l e r i B a l d . , a n e n d e m i c s p e c i e s o f C r e t e ( G r e e c e ) [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 8 , 1 4 6 : 1 - 7 .
2 8 . P a r k S J , K i m N , Y o o G , K i m , S . N . , K w o n , H . J . , J u n g , K . , K i m , S . H . P h e n o l i c s a n d n e o l i g n a n s i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e f r u i t s o f J u g l a n s m a n d s h u r i c a M a x i m . a n d t h e i r e f f e c t s o n l i p o l y s i s i n a d i p o c y t e s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 7 , 1 3 7 : 8 7 - 9 3 .
2 9 . P e s c h e l A , O t t o M . P h e n o l - s o l u b l e m o d u l i n s a n d s t a p h y l o c o c c a l i n f e c t i o n [ J ] . N a t u r e R e v i e w s M i c r o b i o l o g y , 2 0 1 3 , 1 1 ( 1 0 ) : 6 6 7 .
3 0 . V a l e n t e I M , M a i a M R G , M a l u s h i N , O l i v e i r a , H . M . , P a p a , L . , R o d r i g u e s , J . A . , C a b r i t a , A . R . P r o f i l i n g o f p h e n o l i c c o m p o u n d s a n d a n t i o x i d a n t p r o p e r t i e s o f E u r o p e a n v a r i e t i e s a n d c u l t i v a r s o f V i c i a f a b a L . P o d s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 8 , 1 5 2 : 2 2 3 - 2 2 9 .
3 1 . V i h a k a s M , P l i j r v i M , K a r o n e n M , R o i n i n e n , H . , S a l m i n e n , J . P . R a p i d e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e o x i d a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s o f i n d i v i d u a l p h e n o l i c s i n c r u d e p l a n t e x t r a c t s [ J ] . P h y t o c h e m i s t r y , 2 0 1 4 , 1 0 3 : 7 6 - 8 4 .
3 2 . G a r c i a - M o r a P , F r i a s J , P e a s E , Z i e l i Ds k i , H . , G i m n e z - B a s t i d a , J . A . , W i c z k o w s k i , W . , M a r t n e z - V i l l a l u e n g a , C . S i m u l t a n e o u s r e l e a s e o f p e p t i d e s a n d p h e n o l i c s w i t h a n t i o x i d a n t , A C E - i n h i b i t o r y a n d a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a c t i v i t i e s f r o m p i n t o b e a n ( P h a s e o l u s v u l g a r i s L . v a r . p i n t o ) p r o t e i n s b y s u b t i l i s i n s [ J ] . J o u r n a l o f f u n c t i o n a l f o o d s , 2 0 1 5 , 1 8 : 3 1 9 - 3 3 2 .
3 3 . C a i n H D . S u b a r a c h n o i d p h e n o l b l o c k i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f p a i n a n d s p a s t i c i t y [ J ] . S p i n a l C o r d , 1 9 6 5 , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 5 2 .
3 4 . K i m S , K i m H , P a r k A , P a r k , J . H . , L e e , Y . , K i m , Y . J . , C h o i , E . M . T h e a n t i o x i d a n t r e s p o n s e o f L e m n a p a u c i c o s t a t a u p o n p h e n o l e x p o s u r e [ J ] . T o x i c o l o g y a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h S c i e n c e s , 2 0 1 5 , 7 ( 1 ) : 7 3 - 8 1 .
3 5 . h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / P h e n o l
3 6 . S m i t h M B , M a r c h J . M a r c h ' s a d v a n c e d o r g a n i c c h e m i s t r y : r e a c t i o n s , m e c h a n i s m s , a n d s t r u c t u r e [ M ] . J o h n W i l e y & S o n s , 2 0 0 7 .
3 7 . h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / P h e n o l
3 8 . " P h e n o l s p r a y " . d r u g s . c o m .
3 9 . " H o w D o e s O u r L i p B a l m W o r k " . C a r m e x . A r c h i v e d f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l o n 1 8 F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 . R e t r i e v e d 1 8 F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 5 .
4 0 . " C H 2 0 7 A i r c r a f t p a i n t s t r i p p e r , p h e n o l i c , a c i d " ( P D F ) . C a l l i n g t o n . 1 4 O c t o b e r 2 0 0 9 . R e t r i e v e d 2 5 A u g u s t 2 0 1 5 .
4 1 . B u d a v a r i , S , e d . ( 1 9 9 6 ) . " T h e M e r c k I n d e x : A n E n c y c l o p e d i a o f C h e m i c a l , D r u g s , a n d B i o l o g i c a l s " . W h i t e h o u s e S t a t i o n , N J : M e r c k .
4 2 . " P h e n o l " . U l l m a n n ' s E n c y c l o p e d i a o f I n d u s t r i a l C h e m i s t r y . 2 5 . W i l e y - V C H . 2 0 0 3 . p p . 5 8 9 6 0 4 .
4 3 . S a h a S , S a r k a r U , M o n d a l S . M o d e l l i n g t h e t r a n s i e n t b e h a v i o u r o f a f i x e d b e d c o n s i d e r i n g b o t h i n t r a a n d i n t e r - p e l l e t d i f f u s i o n f o r a d s o r p t i o n o f p a r a c h l o r o - m e t a - x y l e n o l ( P C M X ) [ J ] . D e s a l i n a t i o n a n d W a t e r T r e a t m e n t , 2 0 1 2 , 3 7 ( 1 - 3 ) : 2 7 7 - 2 8 7 .
4 4 . W a r n e r M A , H a r p e r J V . C a r d i a c d y s r h y t h m i a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h e m i c a l p e e l i n g w i t h p h e n o l [ J ] . A n e s t h e s i o l o g y : T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f A n e s t h e s i o l o g i s t s , 1 9 8 5 , 6 2 ( 3 ) : 3 6 6 - 3 6 7 .
4 5 . W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n / I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r O r g a n i z a t i o n : I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h e m i c a l S a f e t y C a r d s , h t t p : / / w w w . i n c h e m . o r g / d o c u m e n t s / i c s c / i c s c / e i c s 0 0 7 0 . h t m