Organ Location Map/System Distribution of Pungent Flavor Compounds’ Targets

Propionic acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. It is a clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell, somewhat resembling body odor, short-chain fatty acid, fermentation product of the enteric microbiome,

naturally occurring carboxylic acid,clear liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell, associated with human disorders involving mitochondrial dysfunction,

intermediate in cellular,can mimic/mediate the neurotoxic effects of autism,by-product of the human gut microbiome,impair cognition and sensorimotor ability in adult male rats,have neurotoxic

effect,have defect in the oxidation of propionic acid in vivo,Increasing Exercise Activity,promote rooting and fruiting, platform chemical in the food,

agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries,etc.

It can enhance the colonic barrier function.Continuous oral administration of propionic acid during lactation may increase its concentration in the

proximal colon and promote epithelial barrier function of proximal colon by enhancing the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-8, Claudin-1 and Occludin via

increases in the expression of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.Propionic acid inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by

weight,so most propionic acid produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption.BODIPY FL propionic acid 1 is

a widely used fluorophore.Propionic acid is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers.In more specialized

applications, it is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

Propionate acts as a metabolic toxin in liver cells by accumulating in mitochondria as propionyl-CoA and its derivative, methylcitrate, two tricarboxylic acid cycle inhibitors.When propionic acid is infused directly into rodents' brains, it produces reversible behavior (e.g., hyperactivity, dystonia, social impairment, perseveration) and brain changes. It also, being a three-carbon molecule, feeds into hepatic gluconeogenesis (that is, the creation of glucose molecules from simpler molecules in the liver).In a research ,propionic acid and carnitine treatment to hamsters caused an increase in adrenalin by 32% P <0.01).

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11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDMuQtglPIw

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