Organ Location Map/System Distribution of Pungent Flavor Compounds’ Targets

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.[6] It is marketed as food additive E363. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all organisms.[7]:Section 17.1 Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.[6] As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.

1.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid

2.Tretter L , Patocs A , Chinopoulos C . Succinate, an intermediate in metabolism, signal transduction, ROS, hypoxia, and tumorigenesis[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, 2016:S0005272816300597.